There are two types of police organizations. The first is the municipal police. These are the police agencies of each prefecture, such as the Chiba Prefectural Police, Kanagawa Prefectural Police, etc., and their employees are local public servants. The other is the National Police Agency which integrates and manages all municipal police forces. This is a national government organ formed by government officials.
Furthermore, the police organization is organized in the form of a rigid pyramid with the following ranks in ascending order: "Police Officer", "Sergeant", "Assistant Inspector", "Inspector", "Superintendent", "Senior Superintendent", "Chief Superintendent", "Superintendent Supervisor", "Superintendent General", and "Commissioner General", each of which has a fixed number of seats. [Let me explain two things, the first is that I use Lieutenant interchangeably with Assistant Inspector as they are of equal rank, just of different police organizations, and the second is that these are the pre-2013 translations of the rank names, a more current version would go as follows: Police Officer, Sergeant, Inspector, Chief Inspector, Superintendent, Assistant Commissioner, Commissioner, Senior Commissioner, Superintendent General, and Commissioner General. By the way, the Superintendent General is the director of the MPD, while the Commissioner General is the director of the National Police Agency.]
Those who enter the police through the Local Civil Service Exam become municipal police personnel after graduating from the police academy, starting as officers. They are commonly referred to as non-careers.
In contrast, some become police officers through the National Civil Service Exam. They are affiliated with the National Police Agency and are called "career staff. The National Civil Service Exam is one of the most difficult of all, with only about 20 people being recruited each year nationwide, those who pass it will become the elite of those employed by the National Police Agency.
Careers who pass the exam will first go to the police academy. At this point, their rank is already Lieutenant. They then undergo a three-month training course, followed by nine months of fieldwork. After one month of remedial training at the police academy, they are assigned to the National Police Agency. Here, they become Inspectors.
After two more years of service, they return to the police academy for a one-month course to become Superintendents. Unlike non-career officers, career police officers do not have to take a promotion examination and advance in an escalating manner.
This disparity between national and local civil servants, and between municipal police and the National Police Agency, naturally leads career police officers to rise in rank at a younger age than non-career police officers. Had the police force been organized according to seniority, there is no doubt that confusion and conflict would have arisen when career police officers were transferred to prefectural police headquarters. For this reason, the fact that the police organization is a vertical structure based on rank rather than age is perhaps an inevitable consequence of its organizational design.
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